Mayflower Compact of 1620

Mayflower Compact of 1620 The Mayflower Compact is frequently refered to as one of the establishments of the U.S. Constitution. This report was the underlying overseeing archive for the Plymouth Colony. It was marked on November 11, 1620, while the pioneers were still on board the Mayflower before they landed at Provincetown Harbor. Be that as it may, the narrative of the making of the Mayflower Compact starts with the Pilgrims in England. Who the Pilgrims Were Pioneers were separatists from the Anglican Church in England. They were Protestants who didn't perceive the authority of the Anglican Church and shaped their own Puritan church. To get away from abuse and potentialâ imprisonment, they fled England for Holland in 1607 and settled in the town of Leiden. Here they lived for 11 or 12 years before choosing to make their own settlement in the New World. To fund-raise for the venture, they got a land patent from the Virginia Company and made their own business entity. The Pilgrims came back to Southampton in England before cruising for the New World. On board the Mayflower The Pilgrims left on board their boat, the Mayflower, in 1620. There were 102 men, ladies, and youngsters on board just as some non-puritan pilgrims, including John Alden and Miles Standish. The boat was set out toward Virginia however got brushed off base, so the Pilgrims chose to establish their province in Cape Cod in what might later turn into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. They called the state Plymouth after the harbor in England from which they left for the New World. Since the new area for their settlement was outside the regions asserted by the two contracted business entities, the Pilgrims viewed themselves as free and made their own legislature under the Mayflower Compact. Making the Mayflower Compact In essential terms, the Mayflower Compact was an implicit understanding whereby the 41men who marked it consented to submit to the guidelines and guidelines of the new government so as to guarantee common request and their own endurance. Having been constrained by tempests to stay off the shore of what is presently Cape Cod, Massachusetts, as opposed to the planned goal of the Colony of Virginia, huge numbers of the Pilgrims felt it hasty to proceed with their stores of food rapidly running out. Grasping the truth that they would not have the option to settle in the authoritatively consented to Virginia domain, they â€Å"would utilize their own freedom; for none had the ability to order them.† To achieve this, the Pilgrims casted a ballot to build up their own administration as the Mayflower Compact. Having lived in the Dutch Republic city of Leiden before starting their excursion, the Pilgrims believed the Compact to be like the common agreement that had filled in as the reason for their assembly in Leiden. In making the Compact, the Pilgrim chiefs drew from the â€Å"majoritarian model† of government, which accept that ladies and kids can't cast a ballot, and their faithfulness to the King of England. Tragically, the first Mayflower Compact record has been lost. Be that as it may, William Bradford remembered a translation of the archive for his book, Of Plymouth Plantation. To some extent, his interpretation states: Having embraced, for the Glory of God and progression of the Christian Faith and Honor of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the First Colony in the Northern Parts of Virginia, do by these present seriously and commonly within the sight of God and one of another, Covenant and Combine ourselves together into a Civil Body Politic, for our better requesting and safeguarding and assistance of the closures previously mentioned; and by goodness in this regard to establish, comprise and casing such just and equivalent Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, now and again, as will be suspected generally meet and advantageous for the general great of the Colony, unto which we guarantee all due accommodation and dutifulness. Essentialness The Mayflower Compact was the primary archive for the Plymouth Colony. It was an agreement whereby the pilgrims subjected their privileges to keep laws passed by the administration to guarantee security and survival.â In 1802, John Quincy Adams called the Mayflower Compact â€Å"the just example in mankind's history of that positive, unique, social compact.† Today, it is commonly acknowledged as having impacted the nation’s Founding Fathers as they made the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

DIKW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DIKW - Essay Example This information was as realities identified with chest torment for example realities about the significance of history, seriousness of agony, ECG discoveries of localized necrosis, state of being of patients and so on (Timmins, 2005). With the progression of time, get helpful data from these realities turned into a chance, for example separating between cardiovascular torment and strong agony somewhat and later associating the ECG discoveries with the clinical conditions; the inferred data demonstrated incredibly helpful (Foster and Prevost, 2012). My developing enthusiasm for the procedure permitted me to peruse more regarding the matter accordingly permitting me to relate my encounters with the data was increased through understanding and perusing; this brought about an expansion in the degree of information. By relating this information to the commonsense circumstances and by experiencing through various varieties of the experience identified with dealing with chest torment, my shrewdness developed to the degree where my capacity to deal with intense chest torment turned out to be nearly

Resume Format Guide Functional, Chronological, and Combo

Resume Format Guide Functional, Chronological, and Combo Among the many concerns of jobseekers when preparing their application letter and resume has to do with formatting. They know the importance of the resume in making them stand out among a large pool of applicants, so they wrack their brains over how to write it in a way that will work in their favor.So, to be on the safe side, applicants look for resume templates that will serve as their guide in preparing their resumes. They go on the internet, do a brief search, and they will then have access to many resume-writing guides.In fact, there are even tools that will allow them to simply input the information required and, with just a click of the mouse or a button, a completed resume will be generated, ready for submission to the companies they are applying to.It certainly does make life easier. However, there is the question on whether it will achieve the desired results or not.There is also the matter on customization. Ask resume experts and they will tell you that one of the best thi ngs you can do to make your resume stand out is to tailor it in a way that it will fit the job that you are applying for, and the company that you want to be employed in. Now, won’t using a pre-made resume template contradict that principle? © Shutterstock.com | roustignacThat is why they decide to start from scratch when preparing their resume. In this article, we will take a look at the different resume formats currently in use, and how to prepare them.CHOOSING THE BEST RESUME FORMATThere are three styles or formats that are accepted in the preparation of resume: the functional style, the reverse chronological style, and the hybrid or combination style. Basically, the differences in resume styles or formats revolve around how the experience, skills and qualifications of the applicant are presented.When choosing what format to use for your resume, the following should be considered:The degree of alignment of the applicant’s past work experience with the requirements of the jobThe quality and quantity of work experience accumulated by the applicantThe consistency of work experience of the applicantIn the succeeding discussions you will understand how the abovementioned factors will impact the choice of resume format.T HE FUNCTIONAL RESUMEThe primary aim of the functional resume is to call the attention of the hiring manager or recruiter to the relevant skills, abilities and talents of the applicant that meet the job requirements of the open position.More attention is placed on what the applicants skills are over the question on where, when and how they were learned or acquired. This format is especially helpful to hiring managers because they can easily spot those skills that are specifically required by the position or job that they are trying to fill. Therefore, you are not likely to find any section devoted to the prior work experience or history of the applicant in the resume.This format is not a particular favorite among recruiters and hiring managers, since it offers a gray area on matters such as the reliability of the candidate, as well as his longevity if he is to be hired for the position. There is also the issue on the candidate possessing specific skills, but the resume does not provi de any indication of how those skills were put to use.However, there is no denying that this format is still widely being used in several industries, but mostly for executive and higher positions. In general, functional resumes are disliked by some recruiters because it is formatted in a way that seems like the candidate is hiding something.Start by watching this video on how to write a great resume. When to use this formatThe functional format is best used by candidates applying for an executive or specialist position.Use this format if:You have substantial work experience. This is why the functional resume is not recommended for entry-level candidates, or those who are applying for their first job. They still have nothing to write down in the experience section, which will result in a seemingly empty and disappointing resume.You have relevant and diverse transferable skills. Keep in mind that this format highlights skills. It does not make sense to use this resume format when you do not have any skills or experience to list down. If you also happen to have the relevant skills, but do not have a lot of work experience in that particular field or industry, the functional resume format will work just fine.You want to highlight and reiterate the fact that you are a very strong candidate for the job. The job will have its requirements, and you want to immediately make them note that you are able to meet those requirements.You have many gaps, with some of them unusually lengthy, in your experience and you want to hide them. You may have stopped working for more than a year for personal reasons. You do not want this to be easily noted by the hiring manager when going over your resume. The trick is to find a way to keep them from noticing that large employment gap, and this format will help you do exactly that.You want to change careers or move into a new industry. You may have decided to switch careers, or move from one industry to another. This format allows you t o highlight your skills instead of your work journey.Writing the Functional ResumeA functional resume should have the following sections and inclusions.Name and Contact Information of the applicant: Stick to the basics: your name, phone number, e-mail address and mailing address. If you also happen to have a personal website with information that will be relevant to your skills and qualifications, include the URL in this section. The name should immediately jump out at first glance, so write it in a font size that will make it the largest text on the page.Qualifications:Education, since it is usually the first gauge of whether the applicant is qualified for the job or not. Again, stick to the basics, such as the name of the university or school graduated from, its location, the degree that you earned and the year you graduated.Certifications and Licenses Held, including educational honors and recognitionsCareer Achievements, or significant milestones in the careerRelevant Skills and Knowledge: These are the career skills and knowledge the applicant has accumulated over time that have an impact on the job being applied for. Choose at least three relevant skills and provide a list of evidence of such skills and abilities.Other important points to rememberPresent lists in bullet point form. This is for easier reading and to make the resume neat and look more professional.You may exclude entirely the section on previous work experiences or history. This effectively minimizes or eliminates the use of specific job titles as well as inclusive dates of employment.If you feel inclined to include a section for your professional experience, you may do so, but you can exclude dates and duration, especially on the areas where you have large and unusual gaps in employment.THE CHRONOLOGICAL RESUMEThe chronological structure of the resume allows the candidate to present himself in terms of job merits and achievementsIt is to be noted that chronology in this format is done in reverse, which is why it is also known as the “reverse chronological format”. The items are listed according to the dates, but with the most recent items on top of the list, and the oldest ones at the bottom.This is under the assumption that the most recent work experience is considered to be the most relevant, and the oldest are the least relevant, which is why they are not given as much highlight or emphasis, and are relegated at the end of the list.When to use this formatThe chronological format may be used in resumes for entry-level applicants looking to get into a company, as well as mid-level and executive applicants who are seeking a boost to their careers.Use this format if:You want to demonstrate a steady and upward progression of their career, tracing their journey from the bottom. Highlighting your climb in your career will show how much you have grown â€" personally and professionally â€" and how that growth can potentially be done in the new job if you are selected for it.You want to apply to a job in the same industry or similar field. This is so that your work experience will be relevant to the new company you are applying to. If you are applying in a new industry or field, all your previous work experience and history will be unrelated to the new job you are targeting and, in the eyes of the hiring manager, will be irrelevant. In short, you will be listing down your work experience when they will not be of use for you at all.You have been continuously working throughout your career, and in the same field, and you do not have large gaps in your work history and experience. If you are the type to have changed jobs frequently, this will not be an ideal format, since it will highlight how you have changed jobs too often to be able to acquire mastery or relevant experience on the job. In a similar manner, if you have a lot of gaps in your employment history, where you had to take multiple hiatus from work, this will also be a poor choice of a re sume format. The chronology will be broken in many parts, and will only serve to highlight how you have been idle several times in the past.Feel free to use the following free CV templates.[slideshare id=46173277doc=awesomeresumetemplates-150323094821-conversion-gate01w=710h=400]Writing the Chronological ResumeA chronological resume should have the following sections and inclusions.Name and Contact Information of the applicant, the same as you would write them in a functional resume format.Resume Objective or Introduction: You may choose to start your resume by stating your career objective, professional profile or qualifications summary, whichever applies to you best. If you have a wealth of experience and skills, then a qualifications summary is the best way to start things off.Work History and Experience: Aside from listing your actual professional experience, you should also list down your achievements, and how you excelled or performed very well in each of the roles or jobs you have undertaken. A good way to snag attention is to use action words or verbs when writing your list. This is where you will also list down the skills and knowledge you have acquired from these experiences.Education background and history of the applicant, including certifications, honors received and licenses heldOther important points to rememberPresent lists in bullet point form to facilitate reading by the recruiter or hiring manger.The reverse-chronological order of listing details will apply in particular to the work history and experience section.This format includes job titles as well as inclusive employment dates. The work history and experience should also include description of the tasks and the accomplishments while performing the job.You may switch the order Education and Work History or Experience. Students or new graduates are advised to put their Education background first, since they lack professional experience.You may opt to add an “Additional Skills” section to include any other skills that are not in your work history or experience section, but you consider relevant to the target job.THE HYBRID/COMBO RESUMEAs the name implies, this format combines the functional and chronological formats, taking the best parts about each format to come up with something that will “advertise” the applicant to recruiters and employers.Where do the functional and chronological elements come in?In a combination or hybrid resume, the relevant skills and qualifications are presented first, followed by sections where the work experience and education background are presented in reverse-chronological order.There is a general preference for this resume among employers and hiring managers, since it highlights the skills and work experience of the applicant, while also providing information on his work history. It allows recruiters, who receive and read hundreds of resumes on a daily basis, to grasp the suitability of the candidates “much quicker and more effectively”.When to use this formatThis format is ideal for applicants of mid-level positions and even executive positions, or for applicants with a great deal of work experience.Use this format if:You have a specialized and relevant skill set that you want to highlight or showcase. You feel that your skill set is well-developed enough, probably even more than other applicants, and you want to drive that home with the employer or recruiter. If you want to emphasize your educational background and accomplishments, this is not the best resume choice for you.You have gained superior mastery or expertise in your chosen field or career. Again, you will be highlighting your skills first, followed by a listing of your movement up the ranks. It goes without saying that, if you lack the relevant skills and qualifications, you should stay away from this format.You want to transfer to a different industry, and you want to highlight your transferable skills instead of your career path so far , but you still want to include the latter to demonstrate how you have come to acquire those skills. This will the spotlight on your skills, rather than on how you are making a major career change.You have you have very little work experience or a short work history. By showcasing your skills first, you are drawing less attention to your lack of work experience. Impress them with the skills that you have so that, by the time they get to see how little experience you have, it won’t have too much of an impact.You are re-entering the workforce after a long time off work. Normally, in a chronological resume, this large gap will be deemed unusual and unfavorable for the candidate. By using the hybrid resume, the impact of that gap will be lessened or diminished, since you will be highlighting your skills instead.Writing the Combination or Hybrid ResumeA combination resume should have the following sections and inclusions.Name and Contact Information of the applicant, just as you would in a functional and chronological formatProfessional Profile or Qualifications Summary to serve as your resume introduction. If you use a professional profile, you can immediately start off by writing about the skills you have acquired in your previous employment history. If it is through a qualifications summary, emphasis will be on your achievements in your work by using those skills that you have.Additional Skills: This is an optional section in the chronological format, but this may be an important section in the combination format, precisely because you want to highlight your skills in the eyes of the recruiter or employer.Work History and Experience: When writing about your professional experience, put a lot of focus on the accomplishments and achievements in your previous employment.Education background and history of the applicant, including certifications, honors, and licenses held. This could be brief, since it is not a priority for many employers.Other important points to rememberWhenever you are listing down details, use bullet points.The work history (and education background) should be listed in reverse chronological order.Make your skills section orderly and easy to understand. One way to accomplish that is to group similar skills together.Again, there is no specific or required format for your resume. It is up to you to gauge which one will work for you best, considering your qualifications and amount of experience. Of course, you should also look into what the employer or recruiter would prefer.By doing research on the company, you may be able to get an idea what they deem to be important, and what they will be looking for in every resume that they will go over.

Learn to Use the French Word Tout and Its Variations

What is Truly Happening with Samples of Nyt Essay

What is Truly Happening with Samples of Nyt Essay What is Actually Going on with Samples of Nyt Essay The huge pothole on Elm Street that my mother was able to hit each day on the best way to school would be filled-in. It's true that you can enjoy not likely to school, staying up late, swimming all day, and possibly even attending some type of camp. During the calendar year, you've got school for six hours each day, and of course all that extra homework. Even when you're undecided on what major you want to study, you must decide on a particular school or college to apply to. It's a superb concept to start with making sure you realize the composition of an essay. You can trust the ideal essay help online. Bridget's essay is extremely strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. My private essay is extremely focused on me (hence the personal portion of private essay). The very first reading of the short article is critical, as it aids the reader to contact the author of the report to be reviewed. Our website is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. The very first region of the article review writing process is reading the post to be reviewed for the very first moment. Writing an article review has over time was shown to be an arduous assignment for nearly all of the students. The coming of the article review essay ought to be catchy and inform the readers about the topic they're likely to discuss. The critique section of the essay is organized into three primary components, the coming of the field where the report belongs and the wide difficulties. The title is supposed to be short and precise, giving all the information which the reader may want to comprehend what the essay is all about. You'll observe a similar structure in a number of the essays. Many are highly-reputed. But because of their similarities, some are still not able to differentiate both styles from one another. AdmitSee has the greatest database of successful college application files to help you get through the admission season. This section ought to be in accordance with the standard routine for a particular location based on their traditions. The very first draft comprises everything you wished to say. Highlighted below are a few of the ordinary causes and effects of this increasingly common crime. Finding the most suitable topic is crucial. Samples of Nyt Essay and Samples of Nyt Essay - The Perfect Combination You will soon locate the official data about us. The very first draft will probably have more abstractions, while the last draft ought to be brimming with significant detail. Have a look at the remainder of your program, and think what else are you missing from your application that you really need to emphasize. Another benefit of our website is the quickness. Samples of Nyt Essay - Dead or Alive? Some might only accept email submissions while some accept both. It's only when editorials reach a broader audience which they have the ability to earn change. There are essentially two sorts of editorials. The other type of editorial proposes a remedy to a particular problem. The fact it involves the crucial evaluation of the ideas that were presented in the report, means it is not only a summary. Besides, you might read the testimonials of our clients. You need to collect the fundamental data you need before proceeding to write one. The objective of an article review is connected with values that the folks attach to opinion from others about certain information in a particular field. The Samples of Nyt Essay Trap College is viewed by the majority of students today as a means to make more income. Please be aware that a few of these college essay examples could possibly be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. Have students select an editorial to read independently or as a whole class. Within that moment, each student should play the part of speaker and listener. The Basics of Samples of Nyt Essay All of these are positive. You've got to understand what you wish to say. Therefore, you will know all that is necessary. Think lit tle and meaningful.

Problems in Baltimore Free Essays

Baltimore is a port city that is filled with many popular tourist attractions such as its museums, aquarium, and sports teams. It is also a city that has been on the decline for many years. The crime, drugs, and unemployment levels have all risen over the past two decades. We will write a custom essay sample on Problems in Baltimore or any similar topic only for you Order Now Back in the Baltimore heyday, it was a booming city with high levels of port traffic. Today however, the ports are not seeing as much activity as before and that has led to an increase in unemployment and crime. Could Baltimore be on the same path Camden, NJ was on: booming port overtaken by crime and drugs? The television series â€Å"The Wire†Ã¢â‚¬  was based in and on Baltimore. Created and written by a former journalist for the The Baltimore Sun, David Simon, each season focuses on a different facet of the city: the illegal drug trade, the sea port system, the city government and bureaucracy, the school system, and the print news media. The show tried to create a realistic vision of an American city through truthful characters. There are good cops portrayed in the show, however many of the officers are incompetent, show excessive force, and are portrayed as having human qualities. Some residents and city officials credit the series for increased scrutiny by the media on its government, education system, drug problem, and crime. It did shed light on the illicit drug use in the city and its effects on the lower class’s ability to grow in the fields of education and organization. In 2011, the U. S. Census Bureau reported that Baltimore County, MD had a population consisting of 65. 4% white and 26. 8% black/African American residents. The median household income in Baltimore County is $63,959. Broken down further, minority median income is $31,400 versus $57,048 for white/caucasian residents. Across the country, taxes and costs of goods and services is on the rise. It is very difficult for a family of four to live on $31,000 a year without public housing assistance and welfare programs. The poverty statistics are very interesting. According to the census data, 28% of Baltimore families with children under the age of 18 are living below the poverty level. That number increases to 40. % for female-headed families with no father present. The blame for poverty is an age-old question which usually produces the same answers: high taxes, barriers to occupational entry, and other economic factors. When you factor choice into the equation, the numbers change significantly. The poverty rate diminishes greatly for households that choose to marry and have children later in life, obtain a higher education, and stay of out jail. The poverty rate for married households with children under the age of 18 is 7. 4%. The answer seems simple: obtain higher education and marry later in life. Cecelia Elena Rouse, an economist and Dean of the Woodrow WilsonSchool of Public and International affairs at Princeton University, conducted focus groups in Baltimore City, MD. She was looking at income expectations to determine if there was a correlation between expected income and college attendance. The sample consisted of low-income minority high school seniors. She found that income expectations of low-income minority students are not so different from higher-income students. Low-income students are less able to turn their college plans into college attendance (Rouse 1314). The Maryland State Department of Education has reported that starting in 2007, city schools were beginning to show progress in its school reform effort; graduation rates were rising while dropout rates were decreasing. While progress has been made, more work and focus needs to be done in the Baltimore education system. The non-attendance rate has been recognized as a problem among low income students. Poor students are four times more likely to be chronically absent than their peers. Problems standing in the way of good school attendance include inadequate transportation, unstable housing, lack of health care, high incidence of chronic illness, and poor nutrition and safety concerns (Chang 7). Baltimore is one of three cities that have attempted to address the issue of absenteeism. The school districts and the community have partnered in building a culture of attendance. Strategic grants and investments have helped to make this possible. Franklin Square Elementary and Middle School is a successful model in Baltimore. Approximately 91% of its students receive free or reduced cost lunches and the class sizes are large, often 40 or more students in a class. Despite that, the school has one of the highest attendance rates in the city. There is an outreach program that holds students accountable and creates an environment of wanting to go to school. The school provides clean uniforms, dental care, after school activities, and free haircuts to help boost attendance (Chang 9). The question that needs to be answered is can the high school culture in Baltimore continue to cultivate this safe, nurturing environment such as the one created at the Franklin School. Upper elementary and high school students offer new problems that need to be addressed; teen pregnancy, drug use, and gangs being three that stand out the most. In the early 1990’s, a study was completed in Baltimore that focused on teen mothers. It started in the late 1960’s and followed two hundred fifty teenage mothers who gave birth during that time. In 1988, the first born of the teenage mothers were in their teen years and the sample statistics showed 37% had dropped out of school, 46% had completed high school, and 17% went on to higher education. This study concluded there was a direct correlation to the number of years the father was present, high maternal education aspirations, few years on welfare, high preschool cognitive ability, attendance in preschool, and no grade failure in elementary school and continued education beyond high school (Brooks-Gunn 278). In its fourth season, â€Å"The Wire†Ã¢â‚¬  focused on the education system in Baltimore. A first year middle school math teacher, who was a former police detective, struggles to connect with his students. Many of these students were schooled in drug dealing and gang activities. He came to the realization that in order to get them to learn, he had to trick them into learning. The fourth season of â€Å"The Wire † focused on the social conditions that cripple the Baltimore education system: fragmented families, declining neighborhoods with few legitimate jobs, indifferent city leaders, and a lack of educational resources. Even the students who want to learn face enormous obstacles, one of the biggest being the Baltimore education system compared to others in the country, is far behind. â€Å"The Wire † portrayed the problems plaguing the students and teachers. It is a pattern that will continue to be repeated generation after generation until the city, state, and federal governments make a commitment to rebuild it. According to the FBI crime statistics released in 2011, Baltimore is the fifth deadliest city in the country and the seventh most dangerous in overall violent crime despite its lowest homicide rate since the 1980’s. It has taken decades of poverty, disinvestment in the community, and a general sense of hopelessness for Baltimore to become known as such a violent city. Arresting and prosecuting criminals is a crucial step in combating crime, however reinvestment into the community by federal, state, and local governments is also needed to turn the city into a safe, prosperous environment. There is a long-standing theory that suggests that teens are more likely to use heroin, crack, and/or cocaine if they have first used alcohol or marijuana, the latter which is preceded by alcohol and tobacco. In a study that was conducted in Baltimore, the median age for first drug use (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana) was 14 years of ago and first heroin, crack, and cocaine use was 17 years of age (Curry 441). Parental drug use was a determining factor in predicting childhood drug users and also peer influence (Curry 442). There needs to be continued focus on educating and rehabilitating the young drug users before they begin exploring with injection drug use. The Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance was launched in 2002 to establish a way of understanding the changing neighborhoods and quality of life within the city. Forty outcome indicators were developed in order to measure progress and to hold the city leadership accountable (Bembry 97). A study was conducted comparing five US cities, Baltimore being one of them, and the effects of federal spending on the cities over time. Two â€Å"health checks † were taken, six years apart and looked at hardship factors: poverty, unemployment, dependency, housing built before 1939, percentage without a high school diploma, and the crime rate (Parker 1844). In each city, there was significant progress over the span of six years which show that federal spending, or any spending at the federal, state, and/or local levels, can help revitalize the community. In tough economic times, there is more need for government funds to help the community as unemployment rates are high. High unemployment creates desperation which spurs crime. According to the Census Bureau, in 2011 one in four Baltimore residents lives in poverty leaving more than 37% of Baltimore’s children live in poverty. Being born into poverty is a good marker for being poor throughout life and creates an entire host of problems: high school dropouts, high crime rates, high poverty rates. Similar to various historical periods in history, being born into poverty creates a high predisposition for remaining in poverty. Federal, state, and local programs have created positive change and effects in cities like Baltimore where crime and poverty are some of the highest in the country. However during difficult economic times, government spending is difficult to procure and if it is being spent incorrectly or ineffectually it is not reaching as many people as it could. Rebuilding a city that has been mired in poverty is a difficult task with high costs. History shows us that initiating change while children are young and reinforcing that change can foster growth within a community. In Baltimore, urban planners are striving to rebuild communities with a mix of lower and middle income families. They feel this will improve the chances of residents maintaining their homes, patronizing local business, going on to post high school education, and keeping their neighborhoods safe. Despite ominous statistics, Baltimore has shown some improvement through programs implemented by the government. A dedication by leaders and the community will be key in the rebuilding of Baltimore. How to cite Problems in Baltimore, Papers

University of Southease free essay sample

Supported by the Information Technology, University of the Southeast was among the largest growing universities in the United States (Saunders, 2013).  · The University used IT governance in lecturing capturing tools technology to provide lecture to the students at varied places made lectures independent to the physical classrooms (Saunders, 2013).  · In University of the Southeast, IT was administered by Information Technologies and Resources (ITR) department which was responsible for providing IT support services across the campus (Saunders, 2013).  · Information Technologies and Resources (ITR) following IT Monarchy approach, worked in coordination with top level administrators President and took very less input from the faculty at the university (who were the end users of the system) while taking decisions regarding investments , applications to be developed, IT architecture and infrastructure (Saunders, 2013).  · Among many colleges under the university only The College of Business Administration was provided with its own server and Technology Support Department (TSD) (Saunders, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on University of Southease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page  · According to survey the faculty at the university were satisfies with the services provided by the Technology Support Department at the college level but were not happy with the support provided by the Information Technologies and Resources (ITR) in using the technology made for classrooms capturing lectures (Saunders, 2013).  · Among the many problems faced due to the inappropriate IT support system the major were with the lecture capturing software while authenticating the already registered students, inadequate network bandwidth ITR’s Help Desk services (Saunders, 2013).  · University of the Southeast maintained a centralized server for managing email accounts for better security, reliability and efficiency. It also made it easier to maintain control (Saunders, 2013).  · User friendliness was sacrificed as the faculty faced problems in archiving their mails, forwarding mails on their institute based account (Saunders, 2013) because of the identity management problems a centralized server (for email accounts) would create, the faculty was not allowed to have a control on preferring their own email address (Saunders, 2013).  · There was a lack of communication between the faculty between the university faculty the ITR staff, as some of the faculty remain uninformed about their changed e-mail address in the printed university directory (Saunders, 2013). Analysis:- University of the Southeast followed the centralized approach of IT governance to implement IT used IT monarchy Archetype in security infrastructure decision making process to facilitate the centralized approach. As the faculty was unsatisfied with the support technology used, clearly the university was unsuccessful in the strategy they planned. The Question here to ask is What is a centralized structure why did the university took the centralization approach? What went wrong in applying the approach? In a centralized organizational structure is a top-down control setup in which most of the power and crucial decision making responsibilities are spread among few key leaders (Kokemuller, 2007). It requires less administrative expense to run a centralized structure it reduces conflicts as the lower level managers as top managers are responsible for making the critical decision (Kokemuller, 2007). With respect to the above mentioned advantages, University of southeast, under the guidance of Information Technologies and Resources (ITR ) implemented the IT governance using centralized organization structure to make the technology more manageable, secure, reliable and efficient. The IT policies were developed taking major inputs from the top level administers but minimal input from the faculty who were the end users of the technology (Saunders, 2013). Even though the university followed a centralized organizational model was not consistent throughout and there was a hidden decentralization of the IT governance. For instance, in a centralized model, the problems with the lecture capturing software while authenticating the already registered students or the inadequate network bandwidth should be solved by the help desk support team instead of referring back to the faculty. IT monarchy is fitting governance for the decisions like aligning security procedures to IS architecture specifications, where corporate IT (Individuals or groups of IT executives.) takes the title role and is responsible for specifying the configuration, consistency in protection achieving competency among the components according to the need of the organization (Saunders, 2013). University of the Southeast did followed the IT Monarchy archetype by making Information Technologies and Resources (ITR ) responsible for taking decisions regarding IT architecture se curity Infrastructure by providing computer services, telecommunications, multimedia support across the campus (Saunders, 2013). The decision making power were entirely in the hands of ITR. If IRR had tried to provide the faculty with the decision making right of having control on archiving their own emails or choosing their preferred e-mail address or changing their email address printed in the university directory would have lessen the burden at the top level would have maintained the delicate balance between the information security user inconvenience (Saunders, 2013). In Centralized organization structure systems relay mainly on a few crucial components (L.M. Prasad, n. d. ). As was the case with the university which relied heavily on the centralized campus server for managing email accounts. If each college/office had its own autonomous server for local independent processing which was then connected to the University server, carrying out the requested tasks would be much faster than with the one centralized server. Conclusion:- The way centralized organization structure was followed through the univer sity was not consistent. The user productivity, ease of use and functionality of the system was sacrificed for security and security decision in emails were weighted more heavily than user-friendliness (Saunders, 2013). The IT decision rights belonged entirely to ITR which was unable to maintain balance between the information security convenience of the user. The top level (ITR) failed in leading the organizing resulting in many unsolved problems unsatisfied faculty members. Recommendation:- Governance structure relies heavily on the staff to support the process (How IT Governance Works, n.d. ). University of the Southeast followed IT Monarchy approach for governance by selecting a Corporate IT (ITR) responsible for making desired infrastructure, security technology based decisions (Saunders, 2013). Minimal input was taken from the faculty members. Planning strategy for security should be a joint decision rather than not a technical decision all alone. I recommend the university to use IT Duopoly archety pe for integrating the business-technical perspectives, in which both the users and IT staff are consulted in decision making policies. In this approach the user will have a say on what facilities or features they want from the security program and how in their expectation the security function support their activities (Saunders, 2013). Decision rights in the University of Southeast were poorly layered. In the University the faculty should decide what services/facilities should be delivered IT staff should decide how the facilities can be delivered (Cramm, 2008). Starting by deciding over who gets what IT decisions to make rather than by deciding the structure. Itwill help in meeting the goals of the university much efficiently. Secondly, Centralized organizational structure gave the University of Southeast the advantage of cost, control, accountability, fast execution but all at the price of limited communication, missing or incorrect decision rights. In the same way decentralized organizational structure facilitates local empowerment, ease of expansion, more efficient decision making at the cost of a lack of coord ination innovative ideas, lack of common objective etc. (L. M. Prasad, n. d. ). A different structuring approach called Federalism cab be followed that shares, data, hardware distributes power between IS group and business units (Saunders, 2013). It attempts to provide best of the both worlds drawbacks of none (centralized and decentralized organizations) (Saunders, 2013). Implementing Federalism structure approach will allow ITR at the university to better allocate the decision rights among IT staff the faculty. A combination of bottom- up top- down approach in managing IT will allow them to decide which part of IT should be better driven centrally (Mishra, n. d. ).

Free Fire Freedom Informative Essay

Free Fire Freedom Informative Essay Fire Freedom Freedom, as defined, is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants (Oxford, 2012) As followed, free speech is defined to be the right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by the government (The Free Dictionary, 2012). Basing on how it is defined, free speech is not only significant in the society as a whole but also, it plays a more vital role in smaller organizations like universities and colleges. To many small organizations, freedom of speech is the key element to growth and development; new knowledge and prospected innovations are usually generated from a wide range of imagination that is then converted to words, whether in print or in vocal recordings. Thus, the non-practice of freedom of speech makes the society less liberated when it comes to criticism and changes. The narrow-mindedness that encompasses rules and regulations in these societies inhibits growth and development. When this is applied to our academic institutions, especially in higher education organizations, this would create even more unproductive minds in our worki ng society. Many academic institutions have misjudged the significance of free speech in our universities and colleges Many have thought that coming up with censorship rules would make communication in campuses more versatile and the students safer. However, these ideas have turned out wrong. The continuous censorship on almost everything, when it comes to speech, led to stunted growth and delineated spirit of being proactive among students. Supposedly, it is in college and universities where students are promoted to become more liberal in their thinking because this is one of the stages where rationality and critical thinking are necessary. As a stepping stone in preparation to the real world, what is invoked and inculcated in the universities become crucial factors as indicators of how we will be working out as part of the society. In instances that would allow free speech to be limited, if not removed, in colleges, we will just submit to the idea that we will be used to having our grievances and thoughts imprisoned in ourselves; we can never be able to express our angst, if we are suppressed and appreciation, if we are satisfied. The rationale that college will be fun because we will have the freedom to choose our class schedules and activities and we will have so many no-go in speech and in whatever we love doing (i.e. reading) is an irony. In the video presented in FIREs official site, a commentator even said that free speech is the key to campus life. We are in college to be free, in what we choose, in what we wear, in what we read and most especially in what we have to say about things we do and things around us. Zipping our mouth and chaining our hands is like blinding us from all the things around us. It is much understandable that speech needs cautions so that it shall be delivered harmlessly but there are also instances that what is cautious to us might not be very cautious to very conservative people. Eradicating free speech to any organization is eradicating liberty As part of being free, liberty should be observed. If this value shall be gone, what has been fought before for freedom will be forsaken. Aside from that, free speech is very important to colleges and universities because it is one of the few venues for intellectual freedom. We go to school, primarily, to learn and discover. We share ideas in school through our words and writings. We go to academic institutions to develop progressive thinking We all know that progressive thinking is what leads us to greater development. If free speech will be barred, how can progressive thinking continue? Are we ready to face the future with too many restraints because we always have to look after what we read, write and say? Declaring free speech is not acceptable to any college or university would only build up thoughts on how our academic institutions cannot accept criticisms among those who do not share the administrations ideologies. It is so funny that even the postings and likings in cyberspace becomes a reason for suspension or even detainment. How would the academic world flourish if even our educators are close to the possibilities of being told to have been wrong or biased on their thoughts? If criticisms will always be catered as something destructive, constructive criticism will never arise. Censorship to speech would only allow control of a one-sided administration to those who would want to be free in expressing their thoug hts and ideas. Censorship of speech in universities, later on, will only develop a community of fear among students. Fear, when heightened, will only destroy the valuable thoughts of our college students that will, in the future, be rulers of the nation. Free speech is a necessary ingredient in the society. Non-censorship of our speeches is what makes us different from North Korea. Our educators must always keep in mind that free speech is every Americans basic right.

Yes, There Are Chemistry Jokes and They Are Funny

Yes, There Are Chemistry Jokes and They Are Funny Believe it or not, chemistry is funny and chemists have a great sense of humor, and some even know how to use pick-up lines! Are all my jokes too basic for you? Why is there no reaction?My Chemistry teacher threw sodium chloride at me.... Thats a salt!Little Willie was a chemist. Little Willie is no more. What he thought was H2O was H.Sulfur and oxygen were best buds. They lived far from each other, so in order for oxygen to chat with his pal, he had to use his sulfone!Want to hear a joke about nitrogen oxide? NO.Heisenberg and Schrodinger are driving down the road when a cop pulls them over. The cop asks Heisenberg, Do you know how fast you were going back there? Heisenberg replies No, but I can tell you exactly where I was. The cop begins to be suspicious and proceeds to search the car. Upon opening the trunk he exclaims, Hey, you have a dead cat back here, to which Schrodinger replies Well, now I do! Thanks.Im running out of chemistry jokes. All the good ones argon.Why did the chemists pants keep falling down? He had no acetol.9 sodium atoms walk into a bar, followed by batman.Old chemists never die, th ey only fail to react as a chemist. The guy next to me asked if I had any hypo bromide, I said NaBrO.What did the nerd say when he failed a test? Ytterbium.A proton and a neutron are walking down the street. The proton says, Wait, I dropped an electron help me look for it. The neutron says, Are you sure? The proton replies, Im positive.Random Person: Why do you react violently when we put you in H20? Chemistry Cat: Because my race contains iron, lithium and neon FeLiNe origins.First man orders Id like H2O. The second man orders Id like H2O too. The second man died.The atom asks the electron,  why are you small? The electron replies, because I have a low charge!This joke is sodium funny... I slapped my neon that one.What do you call a tooth in a glass of water? A one molar solution!Here is a pick-up line: You must be copper and tellurium cause you sure are CuTe!  He was a boron; he couldnt even follow the octet rule. He had a solid network but wasnt a diamond. To a chemist only six states matter.A neutron walked in to a bar and asked how much for a drink. The bartender replied, for you, no charge. In the world of chemicals, a constant battle rages between the chemical supervillains and the chemical super agents. The most esteemed of these is one (OO)7, international dyeing agent of mystery. On one particularly hairy mission, he finds himself pitted against the evil genius of lore, Dr. Nitrogen Monoxide, who has set a devious trap in the form of an ordinary piece of white cloth. After falling through a cleverly placed mechanosensitive membrane protein, (OO)7 is shocked to find himself soaking into a tightly bound mesh of cotton fibers. (He is, after all, a dyeing agent.) In desperation, he calls to his nemesis, Do you expect me to talk, NO? The villain only chuckles maniacally. No Mr. Dye, I expect you to bond.The noble gases walk into a bar. No one reacts.Wanted by the Law: Schrodingers Cat, Dead And/Or Alive

Challenges to Social Policy in Relation to Globalisation Essay

Challenges to Social Policy in Relation to Globalisation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the process of globalization has, in fact, weakened several institutions developed by nation-states to structure social policy formation. Systems created by policymakers and by the people within their context are not able to resolve the most serious issues at present. Most believe that social policy formation must presently have a regional or global importance. However, the needed networks or institutions are largely absent in that area. In essence, globalization is the concept that has been used to describe an array of political, social, cultural, technological, and economic factors and mechanisms that are believed to have generally created the specific aspects of current living. National welfare policies and processes have become much more globalized than is generally believed. Consideration of the influence of globalization on social policy, therefore, requires exploring policies and systems that connect people and places all over t he world. Globalisation has influenced social policy in two major ways. First is examining social policy development in domains of extraterritorial governance. These domains of governance could be global (IMF, UN, etc.) or trans-regional (ASEAN, EU, etc.). Second is placing emphasis on cross-border movement of products, services, people, and knowledge as they concern the effects of social policies on communities, policy development, and social welfare

Case Study #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study #1 - Essay Example Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by abnormalities in hemoglobin synthesis leading to small red blood cells that have had a little hemoglobin. The reduced hemoglobin negatively affects the cells effectiveness in carrying oxygen to various body parts. According to Cook (2002), adolescents are highly predisposed to anemia because of body requirements to support rapid growth. Females lose an average of 20mg of iron every month during menstruation and thus require high iron content to maintain normal body functioning. Symptoms of iron deficiency include fatigue, dizziness, lethargy, shortness of breath, restless leg syndrome, brittle nails, blue sclera, pale conjunctivae, glossitis and pica. Depending on its severity, iron deficiency has several consequences for patients. Decreased physical activity , diminishing endurance, abnormal temperature regulation, vulnerability to infections, compromised growth and development, increased lead and cadmium absorption hence a high probability of lead poisoning, pregnancy complications like premature birth and growth retardation of the fetus. Although there is no specific test to indicate iron deficiency in anemic patients, tests of iron status can be used to determine whether an individual has sufficient iron or not. For instance, hemoglobin tests are used to determine the level of iron-containing protein in red blood cells. Hematrocit indicates the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. Thus, use of the hemoglobin test is more direct and efficient in diagnosing iron deficiency in individuals. When the erythrocyte count is less than 2%, it shows that the blood has insufficient reticulocyte to enable the bone marrow to replace the worn out hemoglobin hence leading to deficiencies. The presence of hypochromic microcytic red blood cells in a blood smear is an indication of a deficiency in hemoglobin synthesis (Beard, 2001). Shortness of breath can be attributed to a reduced oxygen supply to

Conflict Influence On The Provision Of Aid Politics Essay

Conflict Influence On The Provision Of Aid Politics Essay The question of how conflict influences the provision of aid subtly posits a normative assumption; the reader is immediately positioned on the affirmative side of whether aid should be provided in a conflict situation. This reflects a new reality in the global political landscape: the proliferation of conflict involving a high humanitarian cost has led the international community to prioritise intervention over sovereignty. As Duffield notes, largely through a series of ad hoc Security Council resolutions, a key development has been the ability [of the United Nations] to provide relief assistance even under war conditions.  [1]  Essentially, the changing nature of conflict has provoked changes in the role and function of aid, and when, and by whom it is provided. I will be exploring the perspective that the relatively new strategy of providing aid during conflict has led to an inevitably dynamic interactive relationship between conflict and aid, characterised by both legal/ moral quandaries and delivery problems. Initially I would like to define what is meant by the term conflict. Contemporary conflicts, as described by Kaldor, are a mixture of war, crime and human rights violations.  [2]  They are no longer inter-state affairs participated in by actors delineated along traditional lines, i.e. military vs. military. They are typically intra-state, characterised by low intensity warfare; they are facilitated by technological advances such as low cost, lightweight weaponry and speedier communication; they receive much international attention, both from the media and the international/ political community; and whilst not being inter-state, they may be facilitated by external involvement. Duffield suggests these new wars are a permanent characteristic of fragmented crisis areas, which lack political and economic cohesion.  [3]  Duffield explains that these areas outside of the economically and politically integrated blocs- cannot be understood in conventional terms of war and peace. Thei r defining feature is ongoing instability, and furthermore this is not a temporary phase in the process of development and transition toward liberal democracy (i.e. modernisation)  [4]  . A more appropriate framework than the binary war/ peace opposition is to situate contemporary violence on a conflict-to-peace continuum. This spectrum perspective firstly accommodates the varying levels of intensity within a conflict, and also situates conflict in a timeframe. In considering the interaction of conflict and aid, one must not only consider the influence of the actual conflict enacted in the present; but the influence of past conflicts, and how aid might avoid or exacerbate potential conflicts in the future. The continuum should be viewed as linear but non-teleological, in that it includes the causes of conflict, conflict itself, and post-conflict situations which have the potential for repeated conflict. Uvin defines the transition from a state of conflict to a state of peace as a process with no definitive endpoints: Sustainable peace is not something that can be produced rapidly; it is not something that can be mastered technically, with a fixed formula; it is not ev en a clear state that can be achieved once and for all as much as a process.  [5]  Conflict can also be defined in opposition to peace. Within Suhrke and Buckmasters definition of a transition to peace, the conflictual position on the spectrum is also elucidated: Peace stabilization [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦involves securing] transition from a military to a political mode of conflict [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] demobilisation, return of refugees, reintegration [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] and mechanisms for dealing with the conflict in political terms (elections, power sharing), relief (especially for IDPs and refugees), and immediate reconstruction to [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] offer alternatives to war economy.  [6]   As mentioned before, contemporary conflicts involve a range of less-clearly defined actors. Conventional distinctions such as state vs. state or state vs. rebel have dissolved, and the lines demarcating illegitimate state/ legitimate state/ military, civilian/ military/ rebel/ revolutionary are very much distorted.  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­In relation to this dissolution of clearly defined actor roles, an overarching feature of contemporary conflict is that whilst some are waged as legitimate rebellions over genuine grievances pursuing the objective of social transformation, the sustaining of conflict itself is often the objective. In a situation with few economic opportunities and resource scarcity, the ability to wage war is the wielding of economic and political power in itself, and sustaining the conflict may paradoxically be synonymous with sustaining the means of life. Conflicts may not just be the outcome of deep, structural causes, but also actors attempts to address a nd weather these causes. It is also necessary to define what aid is. Aid can- theoretically at least- be categorised as either relief (humanitarian assistance) or development aid. The former will focus on material goods (food, medicine, clothes and shelter) and services (water, security), and will be provided in the short term, as emergency situations dictate. The latter will concentrate on addressing structural inequalities and divisions, aiming to transform and reconstruct society through capacity building in political, economic and social spheres; and will generally be disbursed within a longer term framework. Aid is for the relief of suffering and human needs, both the immediate need and the causes of that need. Aid is delivered by NGOs (e.g. Oxfam), international organisations (e.g. the UN) and governments (e.g. DFID) although these actors may overlap, conflict and co-operate. However, this neat categorisation of aid is not theoretically or practically possible. It seems that whether relief constitutes aid is disputed. The OECD says: Official development assistance is defined as those flows to countries and territories on the DAC List of ODA Recipients and to multilateral development institutions which are: i. provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies; and ii. each transaction of which: a) is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective; and b) is concessional in character and conveys a grant element of at least 25 per cent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 per cent).  [7]  This definition should not technically include relief or humanitarian assistance, as generally these do not fulfil the second criterion. However, other literature does consider humanitarian assistance as a (growing) part of ODA: the share of human itarian assistance has risen sharply, from about 3 per cent of Official Development Assistance (ODA) in the 1980s to close to 10 per cent in recent years.  [8]  The problem of, and reasons for, separating these different sorts of aid in practical situations will be discussed further. It is similarly useful to consider aid in terms of a continuum: relief-to-development. The purpose and goals of aid modulate along this spectrum, and may in fact be in opposition as well as converge. Short term provision of relief aid which bypasses a weak state will serve to effectively weaken that state further, hindering future development efforts. For example, Natsios details how the effect of one the ICRCs interventions in Somalia in 1992, intended to improve food security, had other long term negative effects. Their soup kitchens actually destabilised society socially and politically, because the starving remained relocated near to the kitchens instead of returning to plant crops. Whilst the ICRCs methods preserved life, they had other long term effects.  [9]   The core humanitarian value acknowledging a responsibility to prevent human suffering, whether in the short or long term- underlies both relief and development aid. Traditional, apolitical, neutral humanitarianism emerged, as Duffield explains, from the inhumane political bias cultivated within the Cold War climate.  [10]  Humanitarianism is based on qualities of impartiality (need being the only criteria for distribution) and neutrality (not taking sides or interfering in a conflict). This is emphasised in UN Resolution 46/182, clarifying the provision of aid in conflict situations. Guiding Principle two states Humanitarian assistance must be provided in accordance with the principles of humanity, neutrality and impartiality.  [11]   Duffield initially concluded that neutrality is impossible in the new wars, since any assistance necessarily has political effects.  [12]  He also charted the development of a New Humanitarianism which acknowledges that there are severe difficulties in the real life provision of apolitical, impartial and neutral aid.  [13]  Duffield later suggested that humanitarianism had changed its modus operandi, supposedly maintaining neutrality with practices such as negotiated access and the more refined variable consent.  [14]  Whatever the practical feasibility of neutrality and impartiality, it is important to bear in mind the importance effects of trying to maintain these principles in order to preserve the likelihood of access: Duffield suggests it is a useful tool of practical diplomacy.  [15]   As well as delivery problems, such as maintaining impartiality, humanitarian aid faces a legal problem in conflict settings; such as the adhering to the responsibility of providing aid whilst not in the process of intervention impinging on sovereignty. Chapter One, Article 2, Paragraph 7 of the UN Charter: forbids intervention in the internal affairs of a sovereign state: Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]  [16]  UN Resolution 46/182 reinforces state sovereignty but also emphasises the states responsibility towards those needing aid. Guiding Principle six states: States whose populations are in need of humanitarian assistance are called upon to facilitate the work of these organizations in implementing humanitarian assistance, in particular the supply of food, medicines, shelter and health care, for which access to victims is essen tial.  [17]  Within this Resolutions framework, the state has had a much greater role in the delivery and co-ordination of humanitarian assistance: but expectations of responsibility are stressed as well. This provides aid donors and international organisations with a clearer duty and right to intervene in situations where a predatory state blocks aid to one or more population groups. Who provides aid to whom is a complex problem, and in the reality of a conflict situation it involves a series of moral tradeoffs. Duffield pinpoints a shift from apolitical aid to an acknowledgement of aids political effects: the new humanitarianism involves a shift in the centre of gravity of policy away from saving lives to supporting social processes and political outcomes.  [18]  However, he is, as am I, uncomfortable with the new accommodation and its willingness to sacrifice lives today on the promise of development tomorrow.  [19]  He explains that the consequentialist ethics of the new humanitarianism [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] in holding out the possibility of a better tomorrow as a price worth paying for suffering today, has been a major source of the normalisation of violence and complicity with its perpetrators.  [20]  Unfortunately, Duffield is left in the same position as anyone attempting to find a clear-cut, positive way to provide aid. There are problems with eit her viewing aid as apolitical or political. The most responsible path through this quandary is to look in detail at the actual dynamics between conflict and aid, and to approach each particular conflict situation individually with these dynamics in mind. The dynamic influence conflict has on aid results primarily from the new types of actors involved in conflict. For example, a state which offends human rights (i.e. not fulfilling its security role) has a direct impact on how aid will be provided. Unable to ignore the human rights offences of predatory states, donors will target aid and incentivise it for peace. Uvin suggests that the international community has become active in so-called democratic policing a matter which would have been considered far beyond the reach of ODA only a decade ago.  [21]  The tools used to foster democracy and other liberal goals include, among others, the use of conditionality, which has evolved into less strong-armed methods such as DFIDs promotion of: ownership, alignment and harmonization, as detailed by Goodhand.  [22]  But it is unclear how these positive governance-related behavioural results can be used as tools in the same way that aid can be leveraged. Conflict attracts aid: it creates a need for it, and negatively impacts successful disbursement and provision in a variety of ways. Aid is unavoidably a source of political, economic and social power and combatants will use it for their objectives. Conflict is a perverse economic, political and social system, an imbalance of powers: when the power associated with aid is introduced into that system or conferred on one party, it cannot be expected to fulfil a pacifying role, immediately solving the conflict and its effects. It will interact with, and within, the conflicts dynamics. Parties involved in conflict will misuse, deplete and misdirect aid. Lischer outlines these: firstly, aid will be given to combatants, both unknowingly, and on purpose (in efforts to adhere to the impartiality criterion of humanitarian aid). For example, after the Rwandan genocide of 1994 and massive subsequent refugee movements into neighbouring countries, UN aid was disbursed in refugee camps in eastern Zaire. These camps and aid received were controlled largely by the RDR, a combatant group of Hutus who had perpetrated genocide. Secondly, Lischer notes that as well as supporting combatants, aid will support their dependents (families, political supporters) thus allowing them to use their resources to pursue conflict. Thirdly, aid will be coercively taken instead of donated. Lischer outlines the following methods of diversion: Refugee leaders levy war tax on refugee populations [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] refugee leaders control distribution, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] militant leaders divert aid by inflating population numbers, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] raiding and stealing.  [23]  The resource scarce and hungry dynamics of conflict means aid inevitably supports combatants, thus sustaining conflict. Conflict also creates the economic conditions in which aid is expected to function. Donors may intend aid to work in one way, but the context of the conflict economy will distort this intended impact and actual provision of aid may differ greatly from operational policy. War economy and war markets will be reinforced. Natsios details the way in which this was evident in Somalia. Civil war, drought and resulting famine meant that attempts to improve food security were distorted by the perverse dynamics of Somalias conflict economy. Natsios explains that the scarcity of food in Somalia increased its value: as food aid was disbursed, relief food was an attractive objective of plunder.  [24]  In addition, market demand was driving some of the looting the normal disposition of merchant classes supporting law, order and stability as essential to commercial exchange was reversed, because of distorted markets.  [25]  Conflict and aid also interacted to produce very variable food pri ces rather than affordably low ones, as the influx of food aid was supposed to produce. Natsios explains how prices fluctuated, rising as warlords hoarded substantial tonnage, and dropping as these same warlords dumped food on the market preceding the US airlift. As flooding the market had little effect in the conflict context, OFDA began a policy of monetization. However, even though a reduction in food value was achieved, the effect of this aid policy had an adverse effect due to the conflict economy. Instead of making food relatively invaluable and improving security, the drop in food prices increased [the level of violence] as warlords and thieves alike stole a greater volume of food to make up for its diminished value.  [26]  The conflict economys dynamics meant peverted the intended effects of food aid. The disbursement of aid is not only prey to conflicts perverse economic forces, but to its socially divisive nature. Conflict is waged along and facilitated by divisions in society (ethnic, territorial, religious) and the provision of aid will be influenced by these cleavages: aid will reflect adverse group relations. This can be on an operational policy level (ostensibly aiding refugees, but prolonging their segregation from society), and at the level of delivery; Anderson suggests that the practice of targeting aid reinforces divisions rather than connectors in societies.  [27]  However, if social connectors are facilitated and reinforced instead of undermined, as Natsios exemplifies in the case of Somalia, aid can avoid the vicious effect of conflict on social dynamics. He details how the irrigation project in the Shabeelle valley bolstered Somalian societys connectors, the tempering natural stabilizing force of the clan elders, as they were given the resources and money to cr eate employment.  [28]   Conflict engenders a need for aid but also jeopardises its integrity, as the humanitarian imperative to fulfil this need means aid donors interact with less than ethically robust actors still pursuing conflict. In order to gain access and begin peace building, a short-term pragmatic attitude is required, resulting in engagement with combatants in positions of control, and thus conferring legitimacy, both domestically and internationally. Uvin posits a sliding scale of principle/ pragmatism/ complicity which is positions the problem usefully: as policy slides down this scale, the dangers of ignoring the humanitarian objective reform into being complicit in or fuelling an illegitimate actors actions.  [29]   Conflict creates gaps in state function, which aid presumes to fill (not close): for its very nature is substitutive. Uvin points out that During conflicts, many governments cease functioning, particularly in areas with heavy violence.  [30]  Filling this gap of capacity or service delivery may have the adverse effect of weakening and undermining state and local capacities: for example governance in Afghanistan, and food provision in Somalia.  [31]  Stewart and Samman suggest that in the long term, conflict and the aid it attracts perpetuates the situation: Even when [CONFAID] does help prevent starvation in the short term, it can prolong suffering over many years by contributing to the financing of the war and diverting people from their normal economic activities.  [32]   The political context of conflict influences the provision of aid dramatically. By political context, I mean that a) aids impact is unavoidably politicised, and b) the political context and objectives of international involvement, and various recipient actors, will be influential. The political context of donor actors involved in the conflict-peace continuum, will determine how aid is used. For example, Goodhand and Sedra argue that international engagement in Afghanistan has been Janus headed [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] tension between one face prioritizing the war on terror and short term stability and the other durable peace through state building.  [33]  The donors short term focus and commitment due to domestic political pressures meant that long term goals were undermined. The political context of non-state actors receiving aid is also a factor. Lischer argues that the extent to which a group is politicised will determine for what purpose aid is used, and how successfully. The greater the level of political cohesion among the refugees, the more likely they (or their leaders) will attempt to divert refugee relief in support of their political and military goals.  [34]   The political context of state recipients can influence the on-the-ground provision of aid in adverse ways. Stewart and Samman contrast the way in which successful aid provision depended on the political stance of the governments in Sudan in 1983 and Mozambique in 1975- 1982: CONFAID was manipulated and used to pursue conflict by a predatory government in Sudan, but in Mozambique the Frelimo government, whilst less predatory, was still associated with aid provision. This made the opposing Renamo areas inaccessible despite having an impartial mandate.  [35]   Furthermore, the combination of political contexts of both recipient and donor results influences at whom the aid is targeted: Uvin exemplifies this: in Rwanda, many donors abandoned targeting for fear of being seen as partial to any one side; in Afghanistan, they strengthened targeting to women, for fear of acquiescing to government policies that exclude women.  [36]   In conclusion, having looked at the intricacies of the conflict-aid dynamic, I would like to position the question of conflicts influence on aid within the wider spectrum of debate about conflict. Conflict is often seen as a breakdown or transgression from a normal state of affairs: however, as Anderson notes, it is normalcy that gave rise to the emergency initially.  [37]  Relinquishing this idea will obviously have an effect on the role that aid is expected to play: it is not merely a temporary measure, but a whole new start. Related to this is the fact that conflicts have structural (deep) and immediate (light) causes requiring long-term development and short-term aid solutions, but the two are rarely successfully reconciled. As Uvin notes, outside pressure for democracy [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] tends to take more time, consistency, knowledge, finesse and commitment than the international community typically has.  [38]  This is perhaps because the traditional view of conflict att ributes blame to internal problems; whereas aid and development are imposed, technically and professionally, from a sphere external to the conflict. But as Uvin explains, aid can be an integral part of the system; which, in the case of Rwanda, perpetrates and perpetuates structural violence; development aid interacts in manifold and important ways with profound social processes of inequality, exclusion, humiliation, impunity, and despair, on which the genocidal edifice was built [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] Domestic politics are inseparable from external aid: foreign aid is constitutive of domestic processes.  [39]  Lastly, the impossibility of neutrality and apolitical action within complex situations of conflict does not mean that we must retreat back to neutrality: politicisation is inevitable. Beyond neutrality is an acknowledgement of responsibility, for both the successful and unsuccessful results of aid provision. 3448 words.

Consumer Behavior on Furniture

As the economic conditions Is tough and challenging In recent years. Cost of living Is increasing, especially for those new home starters, Like new couples, families with new-born member, or moving out of parents home. For the general new home starter, money terms and financial issue is a big concern on their everyday life. The need and purchase of furniture would be an inevitable process as they need to start building up and furnishing their new home. They would opt for products that offer the benefits of good living standard, but without sacrifice too much of their earning or income.In the situation and target group we focus on in this analysis, KEA and Preterit would be more likely be the choice to be made In the final decision. Purchasing off-the-shelf product, rather then tailor-made, good customer value and affordable price are a few major criteria In such case. However consumers would have different consideration for their decision depending on their Individual factors. From h aving the wants and demand to the step of making purchase decision and consumption. There are deferent factors that would influence and affect the consumer decision.There are two sources that influence buying behavior. The first one is formal sources which are kind of well-planned and paid sources. The second source is informal, which is kind of a not pre planned and non-paid sources like family, informal sources, social class and culture etc. Marketing Efforts Product KEA offer product with Scandinavian design and attractive appearance, KEA provide materials to suit the many different needs and precise preference. The large catalogue of choice in products maximize the chance of finding products to your needs.Preterit offer very generic type of product that perform the basic practical and functions. Preterit have few numbers of choices in each category, if you have some very specific preference, it might be hard to match your exact want and desire. Promotion Both KEA and Preterit ha ve utilized web page, social media and also sales promotion to attract customers. KEA have a strong buzz each year, promote using television advertisement, often using humor that create buzz and recall rate. Preterit focusing on adverting in newspapers, and leaflet with coupons.Also PIP memberships as a loyalty programmer that encourage repeat purchase. Price Both KEA and Preterit has set affordable price for their product that attract many customer and purchase. Also note that since the products KEA offer are unique and with brand, customer are more Justified if they are paying a bit more. However Products that Preterit offer are more generic and very uniform, customer might switch to other brand with similar product offered by a lower price supplier, so that Preterit have to compete with price or otherwise provide products with better perceived value and customer benefits.Place Preterit which has almost 30 retails covered in Hong Kong, when compared to KEA which has only 3 stores in Hong Kong but a larger comprehensive stores. The slightly remote distance and limited distribution channel might be a bit pull back if you are a busy person or if you only want to make small quantity purchases. But if the customer would like to buy a range of product or simply enjoy the shopping experience of ‘KEA. This desire will become a driving force strong enough to stimulate the action of visit and purchase. Family Family is a basic concept in society.The main structure of family is married couple, nuclear family and extended family. Besides, single-parent family and unmarried family are included as well. Consumer can be easily influenced by parents, siblings, and relatives based on their past experience. Nuclear family and extended family may prefer to buy from Preterit. The perception from Preterit is classic design, fair quality, and ready-made model. KEA provide Scandinavian design with good quality and flexible combination as well as wide range of color for selec tion which reinforce the motivation of married couple to buy from them.Informal sources Informal sources are basically unpaid and unplanned. The opinion leader could be our friends, neighbors, colleagues, teachers, and idols. Nowadays, it is quite common to ask opinion leader about the brand and product before consumer make the decision of purchase. Preterit and ‘KEA, he will ask opinion leaders and the comments from opinion leaders will influence consumer's behavior. Other non-commercial sources Other non-commercial sources including different types of social media and editorial content are unpaid.Consumer can compare Preterit and KEA products by browsing following sources Editorial content from newspapers, magazines Blob, Forum Photo sharing websites Brand community Discount and promotion websites TV Programs Social class Social class has its own characteristic of values, attitudes and behavior that distinguish the member of various social classes, see below diagram In terms of income, lower middle class consumers only can afford lower price products from Preterit because of limited budget.Middle class consumers have sufficient money to spend on KEA products which can reinforce their self-image and taste. Culture and Subculture Culture is shared, learned, symbolic system of values, beliefs and attitudes that form and influences perception and behavior. It is learned through transmitted from enervation to generation, which included Formal learning from parents and siblings Informal learning, such as teachers and idols Technical learning, such as school and professional institute Product preference and brand loyalty always influence from one generation to another.For example, parents will bring along their kids to KEA for shopping because they enjoy shopping in KEA with different products for selection and even kids can select kids' furniture for themselves. The positive brand image begins in early childhood and extends throughout a person's entire life. On the other hand, subculture is a group of people share similar beliefs, values, and common experiences. Subculture group can be differentiated by age, ethnic, religious Consumer Decision Making In decision making process, more than one alternative must be available, even decide not to buy.We focus on new couples how they make buying decision on -bed. Input As we discussed previous in external influence, furniture company's marketing strategy (APS) influence new couple's perception, attitudes and teach them to learn or change their attitudes towards their products. These marketing strategies can hang society's existing code of behavior, culture or subculture is likely to affect how and what consumers purchase in long term if successful. Need Recognition When new couple move out from their parents, even rent or buy a new house, they perceive a need to buy new furniture.Two different problem recognition styles – actual state types & desired state types are described on our ca se. Actual state types, they recognize double size bed is needed. Desired state types, they already have double size bed but desire new design attractive bed, e. G. Princess bed. Purchases Search New couple usually search their memory first, browsing internet, go to shopping and they may engage in extensive search of outside if no experience. Evaluation of Alternatives Evoke set come to their mind such as ‘KEA, Preterit and so on.These evoke set might be influenced by their parents that used before and acceptable. They have already established the basic criteria for evaluation, but not completely established preferred among the choice of brands, than they search for additional brand information. Three specific level of consumer decision making – limited problem solving are examined. When new couple evaluating those brands, they based on their perceived quality of Perceived risk associated with the brand, e. G.Consumer may not handle self- assembly furniture by themselve s after evaluation, and also information costs saved with that brand, e. G. KEA only 3 stores, time consuming to visit and too far away from their home. While the couples collecting information about evoked set brands, two decision rules in their mind – compensatory and uncompensated decision rules. Compensatory decision rules, they evaluate those brand's similar attributes and weighted it, than make a ranking. For example, the size of bed of KEA and Preterit are also fit for their home, they Just weight the price between brands.Uncompensated decision rules when couples evaluate such size of bed exceed, they will forgive that brand. They may make decision to postpone or withdrawal from purchasing after shopping if they cannot find a suitable bed. Psychological Field Motivation As we know that consumer needs is the essence of marketing concept. However each consumer have their vary needs and wants depending on the culture environment and affection. Therefore individual are tri ggered by motivation that drive their individual action.Apart from the primary perspective of having the physical product and its function of furniture that serve the generic goals, in addition, there are also acquired needs. Some might want to have a bit more comfort, safety, reliability for the protection of young kids at home. Some might have the affection and would love to have a warm and pleasant interior and environment so that they can provide a coos atmosphere for their friend and relative when visit, to fulfill the social needs The motives and needs can have positive and negative directions that impel positive rives and negative drives.In most situation for the consumer, it is largely driven by positive motives, for examples, KEA has always inject and project the warm and happy home environment and scene in their promotional materials such as catalogue and advertisement which create a positive desire for consumer to dream of and the need and want of having the pleasant home using the KEA furniture product. Associate the warm and pleasant image with the brand ‘KEA. Motivation can have the bi-direction of positive and negative, it can also be distinguish into rational motives and emotional motives.There are certain types of consumers who would be apparently acting with viewing the amount of benefit they can get from the product related to the cost spent. On the other hand, there are certain type of consumer who would act with emotional motives and subjective ideas. The motives can be aroused by the mood of the showroom or the fashion and trend on design style, color and material used. Perception Perception is more about the subjective of how people think about it rather than the actual objective fact of what it is.The dynamic of perception consists of the aspect of â€Å"Selection† â€Å"Organization† and Interpretation† altogether composes a meaningful coherent picture from individual. Perception can be developed and influence d by advertising and promotion as well as other marketing mix that intended for the positioning. For instance, each year KEA has a new shooting of â€Å"low-price† featured ad shown on television. Using the televisions advertisement media has the advantage of reaching the mass, but catching the audience attention in the clutter is a challenge.Kea has use many witty ideas and humor to catch attention and convey the message of â€Å"low- price†, the use of dramatic visual and theme, exaggerated facial expression, music, mound and motion with the contrast color, figure and ground, bold size fonts, helps to catch attention in order to promote the message. The same applied on the Kea catalogue and in-store poster, using sharp, bright color and big bold fonts on the minimal background, simply spell out the message in a clear way and to catch attention in a glance.Also, the imagery used in the catalogue are in pleasant color and soft tone, some images will also include models / actors of kids playing happily or family and friends lying back comfortable on couch, creating a warm and sweet feeling and lead to the nonuser to grouping and associate Kea brand and product with sweet and comfortable home in a positive way. TV ad that last for only seconds is very limited, message have to be brief and sharp, it is smart to leave a open-ended closure that the catalogue is out now, to let the consumer to response and find out more from the catalogue by mail, in-store or online.Personality Personality defined as the inner psychological characteristic determine and reflect Consumer who choose KEA need to adopt this new idea and practice that they need to get very involved when purchase KEA product. Consumer who has high consumer innovativeness and low in dogmatism are more likely to accept ‘KEA. Many of the KEA products allow consumer customized and DID to suit their personal need, letting consumer to have some involvement. So to some extended consumer who ch oose KEA has the need for uniqueness, and willing to have some involvement with the high optimum stimulate level.KEA furniture emphasized on design and attracted too many customers who with style conscious, featured many pictorial, nicely photographed visual images on catalogue and other promotional materials. These will be appealing to visualizes type f consumer which should be appropriate for the intended target customer as they position their product / furniture tends to be more like a stylish product than a technical product. Attitude A learned predisposition always influences their attitudes toward or avoids the object.Transcription attitude model consists of cognitive, affective and connotative components, consumers perceive and learn about company's products such as a stylish and self-assembly of Kike's products, price competitive and assembled products of Preterit's products, consumers evaluate those particular products & services attributes, form a preference and intent to buy. KEA has provided customized, DID, Nordic stylish & self-assembly products, and Preterit provided a localized design, assembled products. Those specific brand's product features is influence consumer attitude, both perform attitude-toward-object model.For examples, KEA illustrate FAX wardrobe's features, consumers can customize their individual need with huge range accessories to create their dreams wardrobes. Muff can be based on space, budget, amount of clothing and home-style to create an ideal wardrobe† consumers evaluate the wardrobes functions, what and how it can provide and belief the wardrobes can satisfy their need. Attitudes are also influence by company's marketing strategy, a societal marketing strategy of KEA ‘people & plant' which influence consumer's attitudes towards their brand, attitude-toward-the-ad model is examined.TV ads, Backbone, APS provide an important source to influence consumer's personal experiences, family and friends. These marketing strategies can change consumer's attitudes due a brands is in conflict with consumer attitude. For aforesaid example, an environmentally-oriented ‘People & Planet Positive' strategy, their attitude may change toward to ‘KEA, Resolving woo conflicting attitudes is examined. Advertisements with product specification, real life scenario presented in catalogues which changing the basic motivational function in KEA catalogs.Learning Advertising promotional videos, price & store displays are cues of ‘KEA, Preterit to stimuli consumer's motives directly, consumers responded to surfing their websites they looking for or go to the shops to look around displayed furniture & price. If consumer is rewarded, they learned to associate the purchase with a pleasant feeling and are likely to repeat the learned behavior and become a loyal customer. For instant, KEA store displayed in real life scenario which may serve as a cue for consumers, and constitute their response that they c onsider ready to buy.Reinforcement increases the likelihood that specific response will occur in the future as the result of particular cues. ‘KEA, Preterit are well-know and favorable brand, according to classical conditioning theory, ‘KEA, Preterit are an unconditioned stimulus, the unconditional response is consumer perception, KEA implies that the products are stylish, Preterit implies that the products are practice and popular, conditioned response would be consumer ring their furniture because of the belief that they embody which their name is associated.Instrumental conditioning is examine while consumer learn, for example, stores carry the wardrobes they prefer at prices they can afford to pay by shopping a number of stores (KEA, Preterit, DISC, etc. ), one they find KEA wardrobe meets their needs, they are likely to make decision to buy. While consumer is satisfied, they are more likely to repeat buying furniture at ‘KEA, KEA store loyalty is reinforced. T o reinforce the behavior, KEA perform a positive reinforcement by repeating ‘design better home & low price' messages.By assuring customer satisfaction with their products, the service & buying experience. For examples, KEA business provides home design service a close personalized relationship with customers is also another form of nonproductive reinforcement. A systematic reinforcement encourage customer to repeat purchase, consumer receive their cash coupons after they brought a certain amount. Output When couple find a brand product such as KEA wardrobe fit their need, they decide to purchase. After they used, they evaluate the wardrobe's performance, a postprocessor evaluation is perform. A positive discrimination is when the

An Accounting Information System ( Ais ) - 1360 Words

James Guisti, the manager of the North Providence branch of the Greater Providence Deposit Trust Bank took out 67 fraudulent loans all with 90-day notes over a 3-year period. He did this to fund his gambling addiction and pay off its debts. When a loan matured, he paid off the loan by creating another 90-day note loan and kept rewriting the loans to make more money off of them. He committing identify theft by using the name of his wife, his father, two friends of his, and a fictitious person. No documentation was provided for any of the loans. The loans were in low amounts that they would not be flagged by internal auditors or his employees. An AIS would have been useful in catching this fraud. An Accounting Information System (AIS) has†¦show more content†¦The customer service representative, that cosigned the checks, had custody but saw nothing unusual about the checks although she did not know the people that the checks were made out to. The segregation of duties was not implemented at this bank as there should have been a separate person to record the transactions so that they would see the different loans. They would have also noticed that there was no official documentation to back the loans. Preventative controls were not implemented as just previous to the first fraudulent loan; the computer services arrangement was dropped making it almost impossible to detect any fraud. The detective controls were not implemented because there were internal auditors that did not pick up on the fact that several loans were given to 5 people, one of whom was not existent, and because the amounts of the checks were low, they were not flagged. The corrective controls were implemented as the bank itself was charged with a felony because they did not report cash transactions that were more than $10,000, as is the standard procedure. There were no long-term clerks during that time to be able to catch the multiple checks for the same people as they were rotated on a regular basis which made follow up impossible. Guisti felt the pressure to pay off his gambling debts on time as there was a lot of emotional and financial stress involved. One wonders if the computer services were dropped at Guisti’s request so that he could